Katoh, T
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32115-2 58
Activation of these receptors increases cAMP levels, which may explain the direct chronotropic effects of GLP-1 and its potential effect on the electrophysiological properties of atrial tissue
With the advancement of research, the understanding of COPD etiology has expanded from exposure to harmful gases/particles to multiple etiological types. New classifications of COPD have emerged, including the pulmonary cachexia phenotype, COPD-bronchiectasis overlap phenotype, rapid progressive phenotype, non-smoking COPD phenotype, comorbidity/systemic phenotype, upper lobe-predominant emphysema phenotype, 1-antitrypsin deficiency phenotype, and early disease-related phenotypes (pre-COPD, early-onset COPD, preserved ratio impaired lung function) ( In contrast, an endotype represents the underlying biological or molecular mechanisms that produce these observable traits
Signs of degradation include changes in color, cloudiness, unusual smell, or a noticeable decrease in effectiveness despite consistent technique
