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3 The self-medication hypothesis: a was first described by Khantzian to explain cocaine use by people with mental illnesses b has already been discarded by clinicians and policy makers c proposes that smoking reduces mortality rates in people with schizophrenia d proposes that people with schizophrenia tend to substitute antipsychotics with nicotine e is weakened by the finding that nicotine improves attention levels in people with schizophrenia to the same degree as in healthy controls

do they even exist

Lee JH, Jones PG, Bybee K, OKeefe JH

"The currently available treatments have a history of black box warnings and high rates of adverse events." "This recent cytisinicline study appears to be a step in a positive direction, providing some very encouraging news for the more than half of Americans who attempt to quit smoking every year and fail," he said

Financial estimates for the direct impact of smoking on the NHS came to 5.2 billion for 2005/6, which equates to 5.5% of the total NHS budget for that year a proportion that has not changed since the early 1990s and this is thought to be an underestimation because it doesnt include lost productivity and informal care